$cervical spine fracture x ray$

$cervical spine fracture x ray$

Type I and type II may appear similar on supine imaging, and upright radiographs may reveal distraction. Type I (65–72%) fractures are the most common, followed by type II (27–28%) (Fig. The degree of distraction and anterior translation should be described, as these determine fracture stability. There are five injury patterns as originally defined by Effendi and later revised by Levine and Starr (Fig. This fracture is commonly called the “hangman’s fracture,” although forensic research suggests that this fracture occurred in less than 10% of judicial hangings currently it is most commonly due to motor vehicle accidents. Traumatic spondylolisthesis is the second most common C2 fracture (approximately 38%). They are generally stable and heal with halo immobilization. Type III (39–42%) fractures are through the cancellous bone of the vertebral body. Patients older than 50 years are at greater risk for nonunion. These fractures are unstable and tend toward nonunion. also proposed a type IIA odontoid fracture with additional chip fracture fragments at the dens base, either anteriorly or posteriorly (Fig. Type II (54–60%) fractures are at the junction of the odontoid and the vertebral body, and fractures with >6 mm displacement, comminution, and/or concomitant ligamentous injury have a greater risk of nonunion and likely require surgical management. Because it is high in the odontoid, type I fractures are considered stable and typically heal with immobilization. Type I (1–3%) fractures are through the odontoid tip and are likely due to alar ligament avulsion. There are three types of odontoid fractures as classified by Anderson and D’Alonzo (Fig. The most common mechanism is motor vehicle accident, but in older patients even low energy trauma can result in odontoid process fractures. Mortality of C2 fractures in patients 65 years and older is substantial-approximately 15% at 30 days and 34% and 1 year. Odontoid fractures are the most common C2 fractures, followed by traumatic spondylolisthesis both fracture types have clinically relevant classification schemes.Īpproximately 59% of C2 fractures involve the odontoid process.

$cervical spine fracture x ray$

There are three main C2 fracture types: odontoid fractures, traumatic spondylolysis, and, less commonly, vertebral body/lateral mass fractures. In this section, we will focus on C2 fractures, which account for 17–20% of cervical spine fractures. Careful description of each injured component and the degree of distraction is important, because these details determine stability and management. The craniocervical junction includes three bones (occipital base, C1, and C2), two joints (atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial), and several extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments, allowing for the delicate balance of flexibility while protecting the cranial blood supply, brainstem, and cranial nerves.

$cervical spine fracture x ray$

Cervical spine fracture x ray